An October study by the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) estimates that 5.2 million non-elderly adults living
below the federal poverty level (FPL) will remain uninsured in 2014
because they live in the 26 states that—at the time of the
study—had declined to participate in the Medicaid expansion. These
states are concentrated in the South and West and are controlled
largely by Republican governors and legislatures. About half of
Americans, but 58% of America's uninsured working poor, live in those
states. Pennsylvania is among them. Our Medicaid expansion status is uncertain, but even if the Corbett administration reaches
agreement with the federal government on an expansion plan, it is
unlikely to be implemented in 2014.
To review, of the approximately 30
million people who were expected to be insured for the first time
under the ACA, fully half of them—the poorest half—were to be
insured through Medicaid expansion. Traditional Medicaid is
jointly administered by the state and federal governments. Federal
law requires that all children be covered if their family makes less
than the FPL. Children under six are covered up to 133% of FPL. The
eligibility rules for adults are determined by the states. In most
states, adults without children don't qualify no matter how poor they
are. The income level at which parents with dependent children
qualify for Medicaid varies from a low of about 20% of FPL in the
least generous states to a high of 133% is the most generous states.
(In Pennsylvania, it is 46%.)
The ACA expanded Medicaid by making
everyone—children and adults—eligible for Medicaid if their
family income is 138% of FPL or less. Since this is expensive, the
feds agreed to pay most of the cost: 100% in 2014, dropping to 95%
in 2017 and 90% in 2020. The ACA required states to implement
Medicaid expansion. If they refused, the federal government
threatened to withhold its contribution to traditional Medicare—about
57% of the cost. However, this clashed with the conservative
majority of the Supreme Court's long-term goal of rolling back
federal regulation of the states. In National Federation of
Independent Business v. Sibelius, the Supremes decided that the Medicaid expansion rules were coercive and that states may opt out.
This denies medical care to many of the Americans who need it most,
people who fall into the coverage gap.
The ACA provides subsidies, on a
sliding scale, for people individuals and families whose income is
between 100% and 400% of FPL. The coverage gap consists of those
people, living in states that do not expand Medicaid, who are not
poor enough to qualify for Medicaid in their state, but whose income
is below 100% of FPL, the level at which the subsidies kick in. This
is illustrated in the chart below.
As noted, poor and uninsured Americans
tend to be concentrated in the “red states” that are not
expanding Medicaid. Twenty percent of the people in the coverage gap
live in Texas, and another 15% live in Florida, followed by Georgia
with 8% and North Carolina with 6%. At present, 6.8% of the
residents of states that are participating Medicaid expansion are
poor and uninsured, but 9.1% of the residents of the refusing states
are poor and uninsured. The chart below shows the breakdown of the
poor and uninsured by race, and shows that Medicaid expansion has a
discriminatory impact.
- Live in States ExpandingLive in States Not Expanding
White 40%60%Black 32%68%Hispanic 51%49%Asian 70%30%Total 42%58%
These are America's working poor. By occupation, the folks most likely to be poor and uninsured are (1)
cashiers, (2) construction laborers, (3) housekeepers, (4) cooks, and
(5) waiters and waitresses.
At the time the ACA was passed, single
payer advocates noted that the ACA provided less than universal
coverage. The largest excluded group is undocumented immigrants, but
the ACA also excludes native Americans and people who are
incarcerated, have a religious objection, or can prove financial
hardship. To that we must now add 5.2 million working poor
Americans, a target group that the ACA was clearly intended to help.
These people are being left to die for lack of health care. It will
be interesting to see whether they respond at the ballot box when they
realize what their state politicians have done to them.
Single payer health insurance is needed now more than ever.
You may also be interested in reading:
A Clouded Vision, Part 1: The Stick (See both parts)
Tom Corbett to PA's Working Poor: "Drop Dead!" Part 1 (See all four parts)
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